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Fig. 3 | Neural Development

Fig. 3

From: Lacking of palladin leads to multiple cellular events changes which contribute to NTD

Fig. 3

Proliferation is increased while differentiation is reduced in Palladin -/- neural tube. (A) Cross-sections of embryos are detected for PH3, Ki67 and Tuj1. Proliferation is increased in Palladin -/- neural tube at both E9.5 (b, green in d) and E10.5 (f, green in h). At E9.5, differentiation mainly occurs in the ventral side of wt neural tube (red in c) but dorsal side of Palladin -/- neural tube (red in d). Differentiation is decreased in the ventral side of neural tube in Palladin -/- at E10.5 (red in g and h). (B) Quantification of PH3-positive cells in the neural tube region at both E9.5 and E10.5. (C) E10.5 neural tubes are detected for Sox9 and P27. Neural progenitors (green) are increased and differentiated neurons (red) are reduced in Palladin -/- neural tube. The boxed region in g and h are shown at higher magnification in i and j respectively. (D) Quantification of the ratio of progenitors to differentiated neurons at E10.5. White dotted lines outline the neural tube, yellow brackets indicate ventral side of the neural tube, while arrows indicate abnormal proliferation in the internal area of neural tube. Error bars indicate SEM; ***P < 0.001

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